(1) Rav Avraham Isaac Hacohen (1865-1935): basic biography; significance; early works; major works (2) poetry; literature; mystic; nationalism (3) "man by nature a mystic." Also: התפילה המשמדת של המשנה; opt. (4) assume mystic life (hence all life) ineffable, with basic rationed principles.

I. Areas of Conflict; (A) Usual. Evolution vs. Creation; age of earth, etc.; (B) More Important: Freedom vs Determinism, also Providence (Divine Freedom); II. Methodology. Three Approaches.; (A) (Thomas Hobbes; see Randall, "The Role of Knowledge in Western Religion," 1959): Religion does not deal with knowledge, fact, quantity; it concerns only the poetic, symbolic, mythological. Its aim is for insight, morality, action, not knowledge of the world. It has nothing to do with "truth" in the scientific interpretation of the word.B. (Medieval world, Spinoza, Hegel): Religion and science cover the same field, deal with same subject matter. They are therefore either competitors from which we must choose one (Medieval Church, devotees of Scientism); or they are identical, the conflicts only apparent and due to ignorance, hence must strive to reconcile (Medieval Scholasticism, Saadia, Maimonides, etc. So, Spinoza, Hegel).C. (Kant, Schleiermacher, others): They have essentially different functions, but they overlap. Science deals primarily with quantifiable phenomena and the factual; religion is "transcendental reason," more esthetic than factual, deals with value judgments.III. A Jewish Attitude. Criticism of Above.A. Division too rigid, classification too neat. Requires a double standard of truth, essentially dualistic. Its religion must be completely out-of-this-world, which is impossible for Halakhah which is so strongly this-world oriented. Also, it reduces science to technology. Conant makes the point that scientists frequently must make ethical choices.B. Irreconcilability is un-Jewish. *Ki hi chokhmat’khem u-binat’khem l’einei ha-goyim* was interpreted by Sages to mean astronomy, mathematics. Bruno Kisch on *ve'kivshuha* as a commandment to pursue science as method of conquering Nature. Also, irreconcilability sets up science as an independent quasi-religion. Earmarks of "Scientism": a way of life; redemptive ("science" will bring utopia); a priesthood (of Ph.D.s);…

From Prof. P. W. Bridgman, Philosophical Implications of Physics in Bulletin of American Academy of Arts and Sciences (Quoted by James B. Conant in Modern Science and Modern Man, P. 56, 57): Finally, I come to what it seems to me may well be from the long-range point of view the most revolutionary of the insights to be derived from our recent experiences in physics... This is the insight that it is impossible to transcend the human reference point... The new insight comes from a realization that the structure of nature may eventually be such that our processes of thought do not correspond to it sufficiently to permit us to think about it at all. We are now approaching a bound beyond which we are forever estopped from pushing our inquiries, not by the construction of the world, but by the construction of ourselves. The world fades out and eludes us because it becomes meaningless. We cannot even express this in the way we would like. The very concept of existence becomes meaningless. It is literally true that the only way of reacting to this is to shut up. We are confronted with something truly ineffable. We have reached the limit of vision of the great pioneers of science, the vision namely that we live in a sympathetic world, in that it is comprehensible by our minds.***No More Scientific Dogmatism** — Prof. Herbert Dingle of London (quoted by Conant, *Modern Science & Modern Man*, p. 69):*We can no longer say "The world is like this," or "The world is like that." We can only say, "Our experience up to the present is best represented by a world of this character; I do not know what model will best represent the world of tomorrow, but I do know that it will coordinate a greater range of experience than today."***3. Value Judgement and Scientists** — (J. B. Conant, pp. 107, 114, 144):a) "The activities of scientists in their laboratories are shot through with value judgements."b) "The notion that a scientist is a cool, impartial, detached individual is, of course…