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General Introduction, Hasidism (1995)

This book offers a corrective to the popular impression that early Hasidism was incorrigibly, blithely, and profoundly unintellectual by presenting annotated translations of selected passages, arranged according to topic. The introductory sections provide an overview and a context for the subject matter of each chapter. The general introduction aims to do the same for the entire volume – sketching the historical background of the early Hasidic movement and charting the central ideas in their intellectual context. We must also consider the nature of Hasidic literature itself in order to evaluate the significance – for Hasidism and for the history of Jewish thought in general – of the texts and ideas in this book. Our discussion will furthermore make explicit some of the reasons underlying the choice of passages included here, in light of current scholarship.ORIGINS: THE BESHT AND HIS APPEALOf the founder of che Hasidic movement, ־מי Israel Baal shem Tov *the Besht), little is known for certain. Even the authenticity of the few letters ascribed to him is debated^ The scanty information at our disposal testifies to a youth during which his spiritual powers were concealed, followed by a revealed stage, beginning in his late thirties, during which he was active at various sites in Eastern Europe (primarily in present-day Ukraine) until his death (1760) in his early sixties. His disciples, to whom we are indebtedfor the transmission of his teaching, were no doubt overwhelmed byhis personality; yet his contemporaries did not, so far as we know, refer to him, in their written works, by name. Posthumous reports make it possible to reconstruct his ideas, and suggest what books were important to him. Yet the original intent of the movement, like the biography of its charismatic founder, remains shrouded in mystery.Among several phenomena proposed by historians as major factors in the rise of Hasidism, with a continued effect on its ideology, two deserve our attention. The fi…

Book

Introduction to Foundation of Faith (2003)

הנני מקדיש את ספרי זה לזכר נשמת בתי הצעירה והחביבה עלי כנפשי שרה רבקה ע"ה אשת הרב משה בן־ציון דראטש שליט״א, ואם לטובה חוה ולשלישיה שמואל, יעל, וברכה, כולם יזכו לחיים טובים וארוכים, ויבנו בזמניהם משפחות כיאות לבני תורה שרה רבקה הביאה נחת רוח וששון ושמחה לבעלה, לילדיה, לאחותה ולשני אחיה ולנשותיהם העדינות, ולאמה (אשר נפשותיהן היו קשורות זב״ז עד להפליא) ולאביה, לקהילתה, ולכל מי שזכה להכירה פא״פ.כלל אחד למדנו במשפחתנו : כל פעם שהחיים קשים, ואתה רוצה למצוא פתח לקצת מנוחה וצהלה ושמחה, כלך לך אצל שרה רבקהושם תמצא את הפתרון לחיים טובים ויקל לך ממה שמדאיג אותך שם, אצל הרבנית הצעירה שרה רבקה ע״ה במשך הקצר של חייה עלי אדמות הצליחה לעורר את המקור של ששון ושמחה ומנוחת הנפש בלבשל כל אחד ואחד ובפרט של יהודי שומר מצוות ואוהב את הבריותתנצב״הואם כי אמת דיברתי, ששרה היתה לה חוש הומר יוצא מן הכלל, אבל כל זה לא היה לבטלה.מעניין: בגללה לכמה חדשים בסוף ח״ה שימשה כמזכירה לאחיה, פסיכיאטור בני יהושע שליט״א הפ והוא טען אשר בגללה הוא מפסיד מההכנסה שלו. טענתו: דרך כלל באים לו חולי נפש מכל המינים, וכרגיל רובם עמוס׳ צער ויגון, והוא מנסה להבריא אותם. ב״ה שהוא מצליח ברוב חולי הנפש להחזיראותם לקו הבריאות. אבל משנכנסה אחותו שרה לעזור לו כמזכירה, היא הצליחה להשפיע על החולים, ומרוב השמחה שהשפיעה על החולים, היה לכמה מהם הרגש שאין להם צורך "לרפואתהרופא הפסיכיאטור" . (כמובן, שבני הגזים בעזרה שאחותו עזרה ברפואת נפשם של החולים).ואם כל זה אין לנו לחשוב ששרה שלנו היתה לגמרי אשה של הומור וחיוכים.אין ל׳ ספק שמבעד לצמתה זו היתה בעלת מחשבה עמוקה ורגש של השתתפותבצערם של הזולת. אחרי שנפטרה בא לידי כמה עמודים (ללא תאריכים) שמראים שהשתתפה בצעדים של אחרים מאז התחילה לחשוב על הזולת, באופן רגיש אם כי בקיצור היא סבלה בסבל של הזולת. מכאן, ששרה שלנו לא היתה בה רק בדחנות אדרבה, היא שלטה על נפשה והשתמשה בכח השמחה והבדיחה בעיקר, הודות גרידהלהכרתה של הצער ויגון שהם נחלת כולנו, כל אחד במידה שלו ושלה, ושרה שלנו ע״ה החליטה שהדרך לכיבוש הצער הוא דרך השמחה הגלויה.על כן היתה מלאה בצחוק ובשמחה וכך הצליחה להבריח את היגון של החולים הבאים ליהושע להיוושע עד כדי כך שהרגישו שיכולים להוושע מצחוק האחות ולמה להם לפנות אל הרופא המקצוע׳ ולשלם ל…

Book

The Spirit of the Rabbinate (2010)

The Rabbinate today has fallen upon hard times. In the last year or two, there have appeared a number of articles announcing the imminent demise of the Rabbinate, one of the greatest of Jewish religious institutions. Its functions have been taken over, one by one, by others – the Roshei Yeshivah and the professors, the fundraisers and the social workers – and the Rabbi has become a vestigial functionary, a charming anachronism. Sooner or later, the community will manage very well without him, perhaps devising some other functionary to preside over synagogue services. Now, I do not wish to address myself specifically to this question of the future of the Rabbinate. "I am neither a prophet, nor the son of a prophet." Besides, the Talmud makes some un-flattering remarks about those who pretend to the mantle of the seer. Furthermore, our loyalty to Torah unquestionably tran-scends our loyalty to the Rabbinate, and if Judaism can get along without professional Rabbis in the future —as it has in the past — so be it. I may be sad at such morbid prospects, but not crushed.’ This particular address was not delivered at a Chag HaSemikhah, as are the others in this volume. What follows is adapted from an address at the Anglo-Jewish Preachers Conference held in Manchester in 1968, and was published by the Conference.However, I honestly do not believe the grim prognosis. As Mark Twain once said, upon reading an announcement of his death in the morning newspapers, "I have read my obituary and believe it is much exaggerated."It is, of course, true that the Rabbinate is in trouble —and it is in greater trouble in Israel than in the English-speaking countries (although I shall confine my remarks to our communities in the Diaspora). 1 believe we have slipped into a rut, but we are not lost. We are in many ways stricken, but not irreversibly. 1 submit that we still can recapture our commanding role as spiritual leaders and effective guides if we bestir ourselves —before it is too lat…

Book

Torah Umadda: The Encounter of Religious Learning and Worldly Knowledge in the Jewish Tradition

Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Samuel Belkin, מורי ורבי הרה״ג רבי שמואל בלקין נ״י, my teacher, my predecessor, my first role model of Torah Umadda.

Book

Faith and Doubt, Third Edition - Draft

The problem to which this chapter is addressed is of momentous importance: How can we affirm our faith in a world beset by doubt? How, in the encounter of traditional belief with modern thought, can we preserve both our integrity and our identity? How can we be academically and philosophically honest and yet religiously firm? How can we emerge from the dialogue between the two worlds which we inhabit with renewed conviction and stronger faith? Troubling as this subject is for believers generally, it is doubly vexing for Orthodox Jews who are committed not only to an abstract faith, but to a way of life, a culture, a tradition, a people. Faith is not all a Jew needs, but without it everything else is in mortal peril. The issue of faith and doubt is thus, for the traditional Jew, fraught with awesome danger, demanding of him unmatched responsibility.The problem itself is based on two presuppositions. First is an assessment of the realities of our times. This is not a religious age; nor is it an age of willful heresy. It is an era of confusion. But the confusion is not that of ignoramuses or of men who engage in trivialities; it is that of a generation which has suffered unprecedented agony as well as a massive intellectual displacement. For many contemporary Jews and women, God is irrelevant, and secularism triumphant; there no longer are any questions. However, for many others, the will-to-believe is alive, but not the commensurate ability-to-believe.